Using Summer Camp + a band of your choice explain how some artists can be called postmodern.

Summer Camp and Queen can be seen as postmodern because they fit into several of the criteria that make them postmodern. They reject the idea of categorised genres, and take influence from the past and present to create something new. 

Postmodernism originated from a rejection of modernism which states we should always look to the future and forget the mistakes of the past. Postmodernists argue that you can not improve and move forward without looking at the past. Beniton’s phrase, “If you look to the future and keep one eye on the past you are blind in one eye but if you keep both eyes on the future and no eyes on the past you are blind in both eyes.” Which backed up by Desiderius Erasmus, who said “In the kingdom of the blind, the one eyed man is King”, goes some way to explaining why postmodernism is such a large part of popular culture in today’s society. In terms of music it allows unpopular genres and the past generations music to be changed and introduced and made popular in current music. This can be done through remixes where a certain sound is taken and changed or simply through bricolage sampling which often gives the sample a new meaning when put into a different context. However there is a fine line between being postmodern by taking previous music to create something new and just copying another artists work. An example of this difference would be Weezer and Led Zeppelin. Weezer use sampling in their song The Greatest Man That Ever Lived as a pastiche to the music that is sampled which is seen as postmodern because they do not try to cover up the sources of their sample. Whereas Led Zeppelin took lyrics and musical styles and passed them off as their own, by not crediting their source or changing the copy enough it is not seen as a postmodern cover but as a rip off of other artists’ work. 

Summer Camp are a current band who are relatively unknown and are not likely to appeal to a large audience because they can be seen as quite niche in their approach to their music. They have a hyper-real approach to their music, for example their website and blog are set in the fictitious town Condale which the band say is the setting for their songs and music videos. The idea being the audience are brought into a different alternative reality to listen to the music which is backed up by the fake nostalgia created by the band through the use of old photographs. The structure of their website with the short samples of songs playing on loops and repeating footage almost makes the audience feel trapped in this hyper real world without much understanding of why this relates to Kramer’s theory of a postmodern artist impressing meaning onto its audience and leaving it open interpretation. They also create a hyper reality by showing the audience what they actually look like on their album artwork. Although this would be acceptable to an audience who are familiar with alter-egos and stage names in pop culture, for example David Bowie who took on the persona of Ziggy Stardust and changed his image, it does not quite work for Summer Camp as the audience are left wandering why they don’t chose to make themselves identifiable. In terms of using bricolage and changing the meaning of something, Summer Camp use all found footage in their music videos Ghost Train and Round The Moon, which was uncopyrighted footage from a Swedish film “En Karlekshistoria”. They changed the context of the footage and made it fit with the rest of their concept of two people from the 80’s. Their heavy influence from the 80’s shows that they do not respect boundaries of the past and present which is seen as postmodern. Also they attempt to make what was cool for a teenager in the 80’s appeal to a modern audience through the feeling of nostalgia. However to a mainstream audience Summer Camp will never be seen as cool because the 80’s are seen as ancient history to a young audience today and even though mainstream pop artists make reference to the 80’s, for example Katy Perry in her music video for Last Friday Night, it is used by a mainstream artist once, they don’t rely entirely on this concept and will be seen as cool for a short period of time then they have to find something new to keep the audience interested.  Even so, it can be argued that Summer Camp are “cool” solely based on the fact they do not appeal to a wide audience. A niche audience will like them because they are influenced by the “uncool” 80’s both in their music and artistic concept, and because they reference fairly unknown subject, “En Karlekshistoria” for example. However some would argue that although this Summer Camp can be called postmodern is approach to music, with heavy influence on the 80’s and nostalgia, is pointless because it is so niche and unfamiliar that it can never appeal to a wider audience. For example the hyper real town of Condale has no meaning because it is a fictitious place which links to Frederic Jameson theory that self-reference has no purpose.

Queen are a rock band that had their high point the 70’s and 80’s and can be seen as postmodern because they rejected sonority, now being labelled as glam rock they helped to create a new direction for rock, incorporating opera and theatrics into the shape of a traditional rock band. The rejection of sonority is seen as a positive aspect of postmodernism in music because it allows diversity and can make an artist appeal to a wider audience than it would if bands stuck within one genre. For example Queen in their early albums took opera, which can be seen as quite elitist and inaccessible to a mass audience, and made it massively popular by mixing it with hard rock which was very big in 70’s. This links to Kirby Ferguson’s theory that everything is a remix because they took influence from British operatic style, influenced by the likes of Gilbert and Sullivan and Noel Coward’s satires, which doesn’t make it original but by putting it with rock they created their own original sound. By putting Victorian opera, which would be seen as very archaic, into the 70’s rock scene it shows they rejected the boundaries of past and present and of elitist and popularist values that in Kramer’s theory make a band postmodern. To add to this they ignore structural unity by changing and adapting their sound from album to album which in time contradicts their initial ideology which Kramer also states is postmodern. For example on several of their early albums; Queen, Queen II, Sheer Heart Attack, A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races, they explicitly state they did not use synthesizers not wanting to be mistaken as a soft disco band. They go back on this later in their discography when they use synths in their music which is heavily used in Hot Space. However this contradiction may not have been intended to make an ironic statement but to keep up to date with the movement of the music industry at the time. They changed styles and used a wide range of influences with the singles Another One Bites The Dust and Under Pressure with David Bowie being funk inspired with a heavy bass beat, which sounds very different to Crazy Little Thing Called Love which is almost a homage to 50’s rock n’ roll. Like Summer Camp, for some of their music videos they take found footage and put it into a new context. For example Radio Ga Ga uses scenes from the sci-fi film Metropolis and mix it with footage from previous Queen videos. As a lot of their later work was sci-fi inspired this explains why they used the footage, by referencing Metropolis and their previous work they can be called postmodern as they are making intertextual references to pop culture which includes themselves as they had become quite popular at this point. They also use intertextual references in their I Want To Break Free music video which begins with a parody of Coronation Street with the band dressed as housewives. To some extent Queen can be called postmodern because they used a wide range of genres in their music including genres that can be seen as elitist like opera, and unfamiliar to the UK mainstream audience at the time like funk. They also used intertextual references in their work and rejected structural unity within songs and albums.

I think that postmodernism in music is unlikely to ever really stop because it is a very easy way of producing music, in the sense that sampling, remixing, covering and mashing up songs is quicker and simpler than creating a whole album from scratch. Some believe this will lead to a prosumer dominance in music where people like DJ Audacity, who is a 16 year old boy who takes current songs and mixes them together on his laptop. He has received become very popular and millions of views on YouTube. Although this is an example of someone who does not need the technology and label behind him, mash-ups like this are unlikely to dominate because audiences want the band/ artist star image to go with it. However through Brian Eno’s theory of the Death of Uncool, nothing is seen as outcast through the mixing of genres, through mash-ups and sampling. Frederic Jameson’s criticises postmodernism and says that it just traps the media in endless circular references, in terms of music, there is a concern the use of sampling and covers will wear away the quality and validity of bands. For example 5ive’s cover of We Will Rock You takes a very popular song, tries to make it fit in 00’s music by incorporating hip-hop and rap but fail in making it good as the original is seen as being a lot better.  

In conclusion, Summer Camp and Queen can be called postmodern as they reject modernist rules for structure and genres, by taking sounds from the past and putting it into the present. They both also use found footage in their work which gives the footage a new meaning in a different context. Summer Camp can be seen as postmodern in the way the interact with their audience through the use of hyper reality. Both can be used as examples of postmodernism in music as sampling in their work shows the state of modern day music industry where a majority of music and influence has been borrowed from a previous artist. 

Postmodernism.

Homage - resepectful, recreating something in a positive light
Pastiche - imitating something to make fun of it in a more satire way


"The centre is not the centre" - Jacques Derrida
The middle point (the good) is based on comparison to other texts.


Pluralism and relativism
Pluralism - belief there is no one answer to anything
Normative pluralism/relativism (nihilism) - acceptance that in all narrative/expressions/norms one is not better than another. Everything is equal
Other one accepts different views without denying that something is better than other things


Paradox - "There are no absolutes" Lyotard

Brian Eno - The Death of Uncool.

"No one is interested in one particular genre anymore, people take bits of what they like"


15 randomly shuffled songs from my iPod:


Music Playlist at MixPod.com

Dan Black's Symphonies.

Is a text only Postmodern if the audience are aware of the "socially recognisable debris"?

Postmodern texts use addition, deletion, substition and transposition.

• Addition: adding sources of inspiration together 
• Deletion: removing elements that make it identiical to original
• Substition: substiting one thing in place of another
• Transposition: taking two unconnecting things and then adding them together

Task 1: With Dan Black's Symphonies he uses addition by adding the theme City Of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra's version of Starman for the 1984 film Starman to the drum beat of Rihanna's Umbrella. This is also an example of transposition because there is no obvious connection between a theme tune to a 80's sci-fi film and present day R'n'B artist like Rihanna. The drum loop is slowed down and the lyrics are substituted for original lyrics written by Dan Black.



In terms of visuals for the music video he has used transposition by mixing together iconic imagery from a wide range of film genres that have no connection to create a montage of different films. He has used substitution here as well by using himself as the main character in story rather than use the original characters. 

Task 2: Identify all the intertextual references and explain their significance.

Universal Studio Logo

Lost Highway

Film Noir

Tron

Sin City

King Soloman's Mines

Goldfinger

Bonanza

Japanese cinema

E.T.

Thunderbirds

King Kong/ Godzilla

These clips are used to show that no ideas are original because they can be inspired and adapted by anyone to create the same effect. This video uses intertextual references from films & TV that have no obvious relation to each other which makes it postmodern. Everything he used in the music and the video was taken from somewhere else, only the lyrics were original, he did this to make the point that he did this to show that anyone recreate these things.

Task 3: To what extent does the combination of video and song in Symphonies conform to Charles Jencks' view that: 'Post-Modernism is fundamentally the eclectic mixture of any tradition with that of its immediate past...' 
The combination of sources in the video and the song in Dan Black's Symphonies conforms to Charles Jenck's view because the various film and TV clips used in the video are taken from completely different genres

Modernism.

"The past is a foreign country: they do things differently there"


Before industrialisation we lacked the ability to mass produce things and relied on skilled craftsmen who had specific talents to produce things. When machines started to take over household "cottage" industries started to disappear as people turned to industrialised made products because they were produced faster and at a cheaper rate. As these machines required less specific skilled knowledge to produce things it meant more people were able to take up jobs in different fields that their predecessors would not have been able to do. For example in pre-industrialisation people would follow the craft of their fathers not only to carry on the business but because they were taught from a young age the skills.


Industrialisation was seen as progress which meant moving forward and leaving the past behind. It was revolution rather than evolution. The past was rejected by modernist artists and designers and they focused completely on the future. After the industrial revolution mass production meant everyone could own the same thing as products became less unique due to the lack of individual crafting. 

"If you look to the future and keep one eye on the past you are blind in one eye. If you keep both eyes on the future and no eyes on the past you are blind in both eyes and God have mercy on you." - Beniton
"In a kingdom of the blind, the one eyed man is King." - Desiderius Erasmus

Modernism started from about 1850. It proposes new forms of art on the grounds that they are more appropriate to present day and is characterised by constant innovation. It has often been driven by social and political issues, often utopian. Modernism was generally associated with ideal visions of human life, society and a belief in progress.

The terms modernism and modern art are used to describe the succession of art movements that critics and historians have identified since the Realism of Courbet, culminating in abstract art and its developments up to the 1960s. By that time modernism had become a dominant idea of art, and a particularly narrow theory of modernist painting had been made by the highly influential American critic Clement Greenberg. The reaction that then took place which was quickly identified as Postmodernism.
Postmodernism rejects the modernist ideology that ignores the past and treats both the past and the future as the same. It also highlighted the paradox of making everything depthless. 

"If the 'master craftsman' is no longer needed, what does that say about creation and talent?"
"If everyone is talented then no one is, if everyone can make music then no one can." 

Desert Bus.

It is the most realistic game because it is in real time, the aim is to drive the bus from Tucson, Arizona to Las Vegas, Nevada at the max. speed of 45mph. It takes 8 hours of continuous play to complete because it can't be paused. There is no passengers in the bus and no scenery or other traffic on the road. The bus veers to the right slightly which makes it impossible to fix a button to play it without a person controlling it. When it veers off the road the bus stalls and has to be towed back to the start in real time. When the player gets to Las Vegas they score one point they then get the option to make the return trip back to Tucson which earns them one more point. Penn Jillette commented in his radio show that the overly realistic nature of the game was in response to Janet Reno and the controversy surrounding violent video games at the time.


It does follow the conventions of a computer game because it has:

• A mission to drive from Tucson to Las Vegas
• Rewards when you earn a point from arriving at the destination
• A problem the bus veers off the road and only drives at 45 mph  
• Progressive difficulty when driving back to Tucson it gets dark 
• Linear structure when the bus breaks down it results in having to be towed back to the start also resulting in the end of the game

However it doesn't have power-ups.

Computer Games - Hyperreality.

Genres of computer games:

• Virtual reality
• Sport
• Driving/racing
• Casino
• Action adventure
• First Person Shooter
• Sci-fi
• Puzzle games
• Platform
• 3rd Person
• Music
• Strategy
• Management
• Shot-them-up
• Beat-them-up

Typical features of computer games:

• Levels/missions
• Power-ups
• Rewards/coins
• Puzzles/problems
• Progressive difficulty
• Linear structure
• Binary opposites

With improved graphics games can look more realistic e.g. football games with players who look like real players

Games will program instructions into the loading screen because the manufacturers know that people won't read an instruction manual to learn how to play.